The Ten Commandments: Difference between revisions

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{{quote5 |내용= “Observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy, as the LORD your God has commanded you.” |출처= [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%205%3A12%E2%80%9315&version=NIV Deuteronomy 5:12–15]}}
{{quote5 |내용= “Observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy, as the LORD your God has commanded you.” |출처= [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%205%3A12%E2%80%9315&version=NIV Deuteronomy 5:12–15]}}


When God speaks of the fourth commandment, He declares, “For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the [[Sabbath|Sabbath day]] and made it holy.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+20%3A11&version=NIV |title=Exodus 20:11 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> This signifies that the Sabbath serves as a commemoration of the [[Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+2%3A3&version=NIV |title=Genesis 2:3 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Established at the time of the [[Six-Day Creation|creation of the heavens and the earth]], the Sabbath contains God’s promise that the redeemed will enter into eternal rest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+4%3A4-6&version=NIV |title=Hebrews 4:4–6 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>
When God speaks of the fourth commandment, He declares, “For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the [[Sabbath|Sabbath day]] and made it holy.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+20%3A11&version=NIV |title=Exodus 20:11 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> This signifies that the Sabbath serves as a commemoration of the [[The Creator|Creator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+2%3A3&version=NIV |title=Genesis 2:3 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> Established at the time of the [[Six-Day Creation|creation of the heavens and the earth]], the Sabbath contains God’s promise that the redeemed will enter into eternal rest.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+4%3A4-6&version=NIV |title=Hebrews 4:4–6 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref>


Some argue that the Sabbath was abolished with the Old Testament law and is therefore no longer necessary to be observed. However, if the fourth commandment regarding the Sabbath were nullified, it would follow that the other nine commandments could also be dismissed. Yet, there is not a single commandment, from the first to the tenth, that can be disregarded. The Sabbath was observed by Jesus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+4%3A16&version=NIV |title=Luke 4:16 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> and the apostles continued to keep it after the [[Crucifixion|crucifixion]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+17%3A2&version=NIV |title=Acts 17:2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> While the Old Testament’s [[Sacrifices in the Old Testament|sacrificial system]] of offering animal blood<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+28%3A9&version=NIV |title=Numbers 28:9 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> has transitioned to [[Worship|worshiping]] in spirit and truth<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4%3A24&version=NIV |title=John 4:24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+7%3A12&version=NIV |title=Hebrews 7:12 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> in the New Testament, the Sabbath remains a commandment that must be kept holy until the end of the age.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+24%3A20&version=NIV |title=Matthew 24:20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><small>{{참고|Sabbath|l1=|설명=}}</small>
Some argue that the Sabbath was abolished with the Old Testament law and is therefore no longer necessary to be observed. However, if the fourth commandment regarding the Sabbath were nullified, it would follow that the other nine commandments could also be dismissed. Yet, there is not a single commandment, from the first to the tenth, that can be disregarded. The Sabbath was observed by Jesus,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+4%3A16&version=NIV |title=Luke 4:16 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> and the apostles continued to keep it after the [[Crucifixion|crucifixion]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+17%3A2&version=NIV |title=Acts 17:2 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> While the Old Testament’s [[Sacrifices in the Old Testament|sacrificial system]] of offering animal blood<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+28%3A9&version=NIV |title=Numbers 28:9 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> has transitioned to [[Worship|worshiping]] in spirit and truth<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4%3A24&version=NIV |title=John 4:24 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+7%3A12&version=NIV |title=Hebrews 7:12 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref> in the New Testament, the Sabbath remains a commandment that must be kept holy until the end of the age.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+24%3A20&version=NIV |title=Matthew 24:20 |publisher= |quote= }}</ref><small>{{참고|Sabbath|l1=|설명=}}</small>

Latest revision as of 15:05, 18 February 2025

A painting depicting Moses and the Ten Commandments: Katarina Monastery Museum Collection in the Netherlands.

The Ten Commandments are the commandments of God, spoken directly by God and inscribed on stone tablets by His own hand. In the 15th century B.C., Moses ascended Mount Sinai on behalf of the Israelites and received the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments from God. The old covenant, which included the Ten Commandments, was fulfilled through the new covenant that Jesus established by shedding His blood on the cross.

Name

The Ten Commandments (Hebrew: עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, Greek: Decalogue) are known by various names, depending on their meaning. The Ten Commandments are also called the “two tablets of the Testimony” because they contain God’s holy will.[1][2][3] Since the covenant was inscribed on stone tablets, they are referred to as the “terms of the covenant,”[4] the “tablets of the covenant,”[5] or the “stone tablets of the covenant.”[6] Given that the Old Testament law, including the Ten Commandments, was delivered through Moses, it is also known as the “The Law of Moses.”[7][8] In contrast to the new covenant,[9] it is termed the “old covenant,” “old command,” or “Old Testament Law.”[10] Additionally, it is sometimes referred to as the “letter” or the “written code.”[11][12]

Proclamation and Transmission

  • Proclaimed With a Loud Voice
On the 40th day after the Israelites crossed the Red Sea following the Exodus, Moses was called by God and ascended Mount Sinai.[13] Through Moses, God instructed the people to consecrate themselves for three days and wait.[14] On the third day, God descended upon Mount Sinai and, with a loud voice, proclaimed the Ten Commandments from within the fire before the entire assembly of Israelites.[15][16][17] Terrified by the thunder, lightning, the sound of the trumpet, and the smoking mountain, the people pleaded with Moses to speak to God on their behalf and relay His words to them instead.[18] After receiving all the statutes and ordinances, including instructions for the annual feasts in three times, the people pledged to obey all the commands God had delivered through Moses.[19]
  • The Broken First Set of the Ten Commandments Tablets
Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law by Gustave Doré, 1866
On the 50th day after crossing the Red Sea, Moses ascended Mount Sinai to receive the two stone tablets inscribed with God’s commandments.[20] However, when he did not return after several days, the Israelites crafted a golden calf and worshiped it as their god.[21] Forty days later, Moses descended the mountain and, upon witnessing the people’s idolatry, was filled with righteous anger. He threw down the stone tablets, shattering them at the foot of the mountain.[22] As a result of their sin, the Israelites faced a severe calamity, and about 3,000 people perished.[23]
  • The Second Set of the Ten Commandments
God, who showed grace in response to Moses’ intercession, commanded him to carve out two new stone tablets and ascend Mount Sinai once again.[24][25] During the 40 days Moses spent on the mountain, God inscribed the Ten Commandments on the new tablets, just as He had done before.[26] Afterward, the people constructed the tabernacle to serve as the dwelling place for the Ten Commandments, willingly offering abundant materials for its completion.[27][28] The stone tablets were placed inside the ark of the covenant, which was located in the Most Holy Place within the tabernacle.[29][30]

The Full Text of the Ten Commandments

The full text of the Ten Commandments is recorded in two places in the Bible: Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5. In Exodus 20, the commandments begin with the phrase “And God spoke all these words,” while in Deuteronomy 5 it is listed as “the words of the LORD.”[31] Although the wording differs slightly between the two accounts, the core message remains unchanged. The full text from Exodus 20 is as follows:[16]

  1. You shall have no other gods before me.
  2. You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments.
  3. You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name.
  4. Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
  5. Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you.
  6. You shall not murder.
  7. You shall not commit adultery.
  8. You shall not steal.
  9. You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
  10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.

Content of the Ten Commandments

Commandments for Worshiping God (First to Fourth Commandments)

  • The First Commandment


“You shall have no other gods before me.”

Exodus 20:3


The first commandment contains two instructions: to worship no other gods and to worship only God. This commandment is rooted in the fact that God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, where they were destined for death. By the power of the Passover, He spared them from the plagues and led them to freedom. Thus, the first commandment can be observed by offering sacrifices to God on the day of redemption—the Passover—which was established as an everlasting ordinance. When God gave the first commandment and instituted the Passover, He prefaced both with the statement: “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.” This common introduction emphasizes the same foundational reason.[32][33] Furthermore, since the Passover is the day on which God judges and destroys other gods,[34][35] keeping the Passover enables us to worship God alone. This truth is clearly demonstrated in the historical accounts of the reigns of Hezekiah and Josiah, who restored the observance of the Passover and brought about the destruction of idolatry.[36][37][38]

For details, refer to: First Commandment
  • The Second Commandment


“You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything . . . You shall not bow down to them or worship them.”

Deuteronomy 5:8–10


The second commandment not only forbids bowing down to or serving idols but also prohibits the creation of any image for religious purposes. By specifying “the form of anything,” this command leaves nothing exempt.[39] Violating the first commandment inevitably leads to breaking the second as well. A prime example of this is seen in the history of King Jeroboam of the northern kingdom of Israel. By preventing the people from observing God’s feasts, including the Passover—and thereby violating the first commandment—he led them into worshiping the golden calves.[40] Moreover, idolatry is not limited to the creation and worship of physical images. When God’s decrees are disregarded and replaced with man-made ordinances, this, too, is equivalent to creating an idol out of those human rules.[41]

  • The Third Commandment


“You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God.”

Deuteronomy 5:11


The third commandment instructs not only to refrain from taking God’s name in vain but also to call upon His name in holiness. The temple is where God has placed His name,[42][43] and within the temple, His name must be invoked according to the established ordinances so that it may be revered.[44]

When God’s decrees are disregarded in favor of man-made rules—such as declaring, “This prayer week is for the forgiveness of sins committed throughout the year,” or neglecting God’s Passover and arbitrarily instituting the Holy Supper on a different day, saying, “This bread and this cup represent the body and blood of Jesus, who redeemed us”—this constitutes misusing God’s name and profaning Him. Therefore, breaking the first commandment inevitably leads to breaking the third commandment as well.

  • The Fourth Commandment


“Observe the Sabbath day by keeping it holy, as the LORD your God has commanded you.”

Deuteronomy 5:12–15


When God speaks of the fourth commandment, He declares, “For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.”[45] This signifies that the Sabbath serves as a commemoration of the Creator.[46] Established at the time of the creation of the heavens and the earth, the Sabbath contains God’s promise that the redeemed will enter into eternal rest.[47]

Some argue that the Sabbath was abolished with the Old Testament law and is therefore no longer necessary to be observed. However, if the fourth commandment regarding the Sabbath were nullified, it would follow that the other nine commandments could also be dismissed. Yet, there is not a single commandment, from the first to the tenth, that can be disregarded. The Sabbath was observed by Jesus,[48] and the apostles continued to keep it after the crucifixion.[49] While the Old Testament’s sacrificial system of offering animal blood[50] has transitioned to worshiping in spirit and truth[51][52] in the New Testament, the Sabbath remains a commandment that must be kept holy until the end of the age.[53]

For details, refer to: Sabbath

Commandments for Men (Fifth to Tenth Commandments)

The first through fourth commandments of the Ten Commandments focus on worshiping God, while the fifth through tenth commandments address relationships among people. The commandment to honor one’s parents, and those prohibiting murder, adultery, theft, false testimony, and coveting, are intended to promote moral behavior rather than to benefit God.[54]

Jesus summarized the commandments into two main principles: “ ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.’ This is the first and greatest commandment. ‘And the second is like it: Love your neighbor as yourself.’[55] All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.”[56] By citing the Old Testament to distinguish between commandments related to God and those concerning humanity,[57][58] Jesus revealed that all of God’s laws ultimately exist to fulfill these two forms of love.[59]

Meaning of the Ten Commandments

Law of the Letter

The term “letter” refers to a document concerning legal statutes, indicating the written laws found in the Old Testament. Like the other laws recorded in the Pentateuch, the Ten Commandments also fall under this category of law of the letter. The law of the letter serves to reveal sin,[60][61] ultimately leading us to death.[62] For instance, the commandment, “You shall not covet,” highlights covetousness as a sin, which can lead to sinning.[63] In this context, Apostle Paul referred to the Ten Commandments as “the ministry that brought death, which was engraved in letters on stone.”


He has made us competent as ministers of a new covenant—not of the letter but of the Spirit; for the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life.

2 Corinthians 3:6–7


Therefore, through His sacrifice on the cross, Jesus fulfilled the law of the letter by establishing a new law of the Spirit.[64][65][66] This is the new covenant, known as the law of Christ.[67][68] In the New Testament era, the new covenant allows us to receive forgiveness of sins and eternal life through the blood of Christ.[69]

For details, refer to: Law of Christ

Feasts

The Bible refers to both the Ten Commandments and God’s appointed feasts as covenants.[70]


Then the LORD said to Moses, “Write down these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” Moses was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights without eating bread or drinking water. And he wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant—the Ten Commandments.

Exodus 34:27–28


It is written that the covenant was made “in accordance with these words,” and the following verse clarifies that this covenant refers to the Ten Commandments. “These words” specifically relate to the instructions for observing the feasts.[71][72] God commanded the observance of the feasts and established the Ten Commandments as a covenant in accordance with those words. Therefore, the Ten Commandments and the feasts are fundamentally interconnected. By observing the feasts, one fulfills the Ten Commandments; conversely, failing to observe the feasts means not fully keeping the Ten Commandments.

For instance, when one observes the Passover, other gods are judged, enabling exclusive worship of God.[34] This observance allows believers to recognize and remove previously unnoticed idols,[37][38] thereby fully honoring the first commandment, “You shall have no other gods before me,” and the second, “You shall not make for yourself an idol.” In this way, the Ten Commandments and the feasts are inseparable. The Ten Commandments led to the establishment of the sanctuary where they would be kept, and the sanctuary, in turn, necessitated the observance of the feasts as acts of worship dedicated to God within it.[73]

For details, refer to: The Feasts of God

Tree of Life

After Adam and Eve sinned by eating from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the only way they could live and avoid death was by eating from the tree of life. However, cherubim guarded the tree of life to prevent sinners from reaching it, as eating from it would grant eternal life.


And the LORD God said, “The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever.” . . . After he drove the man out, he placed on the east side of the Garden of Eden cherubim and a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life.

Genesis 3:22–24


Similarly, the ark of the covenant, which held the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments, was also guarded by two cherubim.[74] This arrangement signifies that the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments within the ark symbolize the tree of life, the path to eternal life. Thus, the Ten Commandments in the Most Holy Place were given as a substitute for the tree of life.[75] Just as sinners were barred from eating from the tree of life, entry into the Most Holy Place—where the tree of life was kept—was also restricted. Even the high priest could only enter after being purified with the holy blood of the atoning sacrifice.[76][77] The sacrificial practices handed down since the time of Moses served as a shadow, revealing that through the cleansing by the blood of Jesus Christ, one can gain access to the heavenly tree of life.

For details, refer to: Tree of Life and The Most Holy Place

Modification of the Classification of the Ten Commandments

In the first century, the Jewish philosopher Philo classified the Ten Commandments as outlined in Exodus 20:1–17, similar to the format recognized by many Christians today. However, this classification was later modified in the fifth century by the Roman Catholic theologian Augustine[78] and other Church Fathers.

Philonic Division Augustine’s Division[79]
1. You shall have no other gods before me. 1. You shall not have strange Gods before me.
2. You shall not worship any idols 2. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.
3. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. 3. Remember to keep holy the Lord’s Day.
4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 4. Honor your father and your mother.
5. Honor your father and your mother. 5. You shall not kill.
6. You shall not kill. 6. You shall not commit adultery.
7. You shall not commit adultery. 7. You shall not steal.
8. You shall not steal. 8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 9. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife.
10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. 10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s goods.

In Augustine’s classification, the commandment, “You shall not worship any idols,”[80] was combined with the first commandment, making it absent from the list of the Ten Commandments. To fill the resulting gap, the tenth commandment, “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house,”[81] was divided into two parts: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife” and “You shall not covet your neighbor’s goods.” Additionally, the fourth commandment, “Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy,”[82] was modified to command the observance of “the Lord’s Day” (Sunday) instead. This represents a human alteration of God’s commandments. The Bible warns that anyone who adds to or takes away from God’s word will not receive salvation.[83][84]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Exodus 16:34".
  2. ↑ "Exodus 25:16".
  3. ↑ "Exodus 31:18".
  4. ↑ "Exodus 34:28".
  5. ↑ "Deuteronomy 9:9".
  6. ↑ "Hebrews 9:4".
  7. ↑ "1 Kings 2:3".
  8. ↑ "John 7:23".
  9. ↑ "Hebrews 8:13".
  10. ↑ "1 John 2:7".
  11. ↑ "Romans 7:6".
  12. ↑ "2 Corinthians 3:7".
  13. ↑ "Exodus 19:1–3".
  14. ↑ "Exodus 19:10–11".
  15. ↑ "Exodus 19:17–18".
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Exodus 20:1".
  17. ↑ "Deuteronomy 5:22".
  18. ↑ "Exodus 20:18–19".
  19. ↑ "Exodus 24:3".
  20. ↑ "Exodus 24:12".
  21. ↑ "Exodus 32:1–4".
  22. ↑ "Exodus 32:19".
  23. ↑ "Exodus 32:27–28".
  24. ↑ "Exodus 34:1".
  25. ↑ "Deuteronomy 10:1–2".
  26. ↑ "Deuteronomy 10:4".
  27. ↑ "Exodus 35:4–5".
  28. ↑ "Exodus 36:5".
  29. ↑ "Exodus 40:20".
  30. ↑ "Hebrews 9:3–4".
  31. ↑ "Deuteronomy 5:5".
  32. ↑ "Exodus 20:2–3".
  33. ↑ "Exodus 13:3".
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Exodus 12:12".
  35. ↑ "Numbers 33:3–4".
  36. ↑ "2 Chronicles 30:5".
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "2 Chronicles 31:1".
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "2 Kings 23:21–24".
  39. ↑ "Deuteronomy 4:15–18".
  40. ↑ "1 Kings 12:28–33".
  41. ↑ Chapter 1 The Ten Commandments and the Law of the Letter, THE LAW OF MOSES THE LAW OF CHRIST, Ahnsahnghong, Melchizedek Pub. Co., Ltd
  42. ↑ "2 Chronicles 2:4".
  43. ↑ "1 Kings 9:3".
  44. ↑ "Deuteronomy 16:5–6".
  45. ↑ "Exodus 20:11".
  46. ↑ "Genesis 2:3".
  47. ↑ "Hebrews 4:4–6".
  48. ↑ "Luke 4:16".
  49. ↑ "Acts 17:2".
  50. ↑ "Numbers 28:9".
  51. ↑ "John 4:24".
  52. ↑ "Hebrews 7:12".
  53. ↑ "Matthew 24:20".
  54. ↑ "Job 35:6–8".
  55. ↑ "Matthew 22:37–39".
  56. ↑ "Matthew 22:40".
  57. ↑ "Deuteronomy 6:4–5".
  58. ↑ "Leviticus 19:18".
  59. ↑ "Romans 13:10".
  60. ↑ "Romans 3:20".
  61. ↑ "Romans 5:20".
  62. ↑ "Romans 6:23".
  63. ↑ "Romans 7:6–7".
  64. ↑ "Matthew 5:17".
  65. ↑ "Colossians 2:14".
  66. ↑ "Hebrews 7:18–19".
  67. ↑ "1 Corinthians 9:21".
  68. ↑ "Hebrews 8:7–13".
  69. ↑ "Ephesians 1:7".
  70. ↑ "2 Kings 23:3, 21".
  71. ↑ "Exodus 34:18".
  72. ↑ "Exodus 34:22".
  73. ↑ "Hebrews 9:1".
  74. ↑ "Exodus 25:20–21".
  75. ↑ "Matthew 19:17".
  76. ↑ "Leviticus 16:13".
  77. ↑ "Hebrews 9:7".
  78. ↑ St. Augustine, Britannica
  79. ↑ The Catholic Ten Commandments, Catholic Answers, March 1, 2004
  80. ↑ "Exodus 20:4".
  81. ↑ "Exodus 20:17".
  82. ↑ "Exodus 20:8".
  83. ↑ "Deuteronomy 4:2".
  84. ↑ "Revelation 22:18–19".
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