Life in the Desert

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Scene from the film The Ten Commandments (1923): The Israelites journey to Canaan under Moses’ leadership.

The life in the desert refers to the historical period during which the Israelites, after escaping from slavery in Egypt, wandered in the desert for approximately 40 years before entering the Promised Land, Canaan. According to the Bible, the number of Israelite men aged 20 and over who came out of Egypt was about 600,000.[1] Based on this record, the total population is estimated to have been at least two million. The prophet Moses recorded the journey through the desert in four books of the Bible: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The history of life in the desert contains important lessons for Christians today who are journeying toward the spiritual Canaan, the kingdom of heaven.[2]

Historical Background

As time passed, the number of Israelites who had migrated to the land of Egypt gradually increased. Pharaoh,[3] king of Egypt, feared that the Israelites might rebel. As a result, he reduced them to slavery and subjected them to harsh labor and oppression. The Israelites groaned under their suffering and cried out, and their cries reached God.[4] God gave the prophet Moses the mission to deliver the Israelites from their bondage.[5] After enduring severe hardship, the Israelites were finally freed from slavery after approximately 400 years by keeping the Passover. The day after the Passover, the people departed from Rameses and crossed the Red Sea, beginning their life in the desert.

Major Events

Year 1

Manna and the Sabbath

About one month after the Israelites began their journey in the desert, the food they had brought from Egypt ran out. The people complained against Moses and Aaron, accusing them of bringing them into the desert only to starve to death. In response, God rained down food from heaven; in the morning, dew covered the camp, and when the dew evaporated, thin flakes like frost appeared on the ground. This was called manna. Through the timing and quantity of manna, God taught the Israelites to observe the seventh-day Sabbath each week. From that point on, the Israelites ate manna for approximately 40 years until they reached the land of Canaan.[6][7]

Battle With the Amalekites

While the Israelites were encamped at Rephidim, the Amalekites came and attacked them. Moses commanded Joshua to go out and fight the Amalekites, while he himself went up to the top of a hill with Aaron and Hur.[8] As Joshua fought in the battlefield, Moses held up his hands. When Moses raised his hands, the Israelites prevailed; when he lowered them, the Amalekites prevailed.[9] When Moses became too weary to hold up his hands, Aaron and Hur supported his arms, one on each side, so that his hands remained steady until sunset. As a result, Joshua defeated the Amalekites in battle.[10]

Proclamation of the Ten Commandments

Lithograph by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907: God proclaims the Ten Commandments before the assembly of Israel.

On the first day of the third month, the Israelites arrived at the Desert of Sinai and set up camp in front of Mount Sinai. Moses then ascended the mountain. On the third day, thunder and lightning struck, and thick clouds covered the mountain. God descended upon Mount Sinai in fire and proclaimed the Ten Commandments with a mighty voice before Moses and all the people.[11] While Moses clearly understood the thunderous voice of God, the people trembled in fear and could not bear to listen.[12]

God then summoned Moses to come up the mountain again so that He would give him the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were written by His own hand. Moses stayed on the mountain for 40 days.[13] God instructed him to build the sanctuary (tabernacle),[14][15] revealing in detail the structure, dimensions, and every item that should be placed in the tabernacle. After speaking with Moses, God gave him the two tablets of the Testimony, written by His own finger.

However, when Moses did not return for a long time,[16] the people assumed he had died. Thinking they had no leader, they demanded that Aaron make them a new god.[17] Aaron, heeding their demands, collected gold earrings from the people, melted them down, and fashioned a golden calf. The people then declared the calf to be the god who brought them out of Egypt. They offered burnt offerings and indulged in revelry. When Moses descended from the mountain and saw the idolatry, he became furious and smashed the stone tablets at the foot of the mountain.[18] He then destroyed the golden calf, ground it into powder, scattered it over water, and made the people drink it. Moses commanded the Levites, who had come to him to stand with God, to strike down those who had worshiped the golden calf. On that day, about 3,000 Israelites were put to death.[19]

The next day, Moses earnestly pleaded with God on behalf of the sinful people, asking for forgiveness.[20] In repentance, the people removed their ornaments and humbled themselves. Moses pitched a tent outside the camp and sought God there. Moved by Moses’ sincere prayer, God instructed him to chisel out two new tablets like the first and bring them up Mount Sinai.[21] On the 40th day after he ascended the mountain again, Moses returned with the second set of stone tablets, and he conveyed to the Israelites all the words God had spoken to him.

Construction of the Tabernacle

Model of the tabernacle where sacrifices were offered to God.

Following God’s instructions, Moses began constructing the tabernacle to house the tablets of the Ten Commandments. Among the people, those who were willing, moved by the Spirit, and joyful in heart, brought offerings freely.[22] They continued to bring gifts each morning until there was more than enough material for the work. As a result, Moses gave the command to stop receiving further offerings.[23] The skilled craftsmen, led by Bezalel and Oholiab, constructed the tabernacle, the coverings around the courtyard, the ark of the covenant, all its furnishings and decorations, the ephod, the breastpiece, and every other item exactly as God had commanded, using the offerings brought by the people.

Year 2

Completion of the Tabernacle

Illustration from Treasures of the Bible by Henry Davenport Northrop, 1894: High priest is offering incense on the altar.

On the first day of the first month in the second year after leaving Egypt, Moses set up the tabernacle. He arranged all its furnishings inside, placed the tablets of the Ten Commandments inside the ark of the covenant, and hung the curtain at the entrance to the courtyard. At that moment, a cloud covered the Tent of Meeting, and the glory of God filled the tabernacle. Whenever the cloud lifted from above the tabernacle, the Israelites set out. If the cloud did not lift, they stayed in camp until it did.[24]

After the construction was completed, God called Moses. God gave him detailed instructions regarding the various sacrificial offerings to be made in the sanctuary, including burnt offerings, grain offerings, fellowship offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings. He also instructed Moses to conduct the ordination ceremony for Aaron and his sons as priests. Having been anointed, Aaron began his priestly duties in the presence of all the people. However, Aaron’s sons Nadab and Abihu were struck down by God when they offered unauthorized fire before Him. Through this event, God demonstrated that even priests could not enter the Holy Place at will. Entry into the sanctuary required prior atonement for themselves and their households; only then could incense be offered in the Most Holy Place without facing death.

God also gave laws concerning clean and unclean animals, requiring the people to eat only what was clean. He laid out punishments for disobedience, issued warnings for various sins, and instructed the priests on their duties and the regulations concerning offerings. In addition, God revealed laws regarding the Sabbath year and the Year of Jubilee, the tithe, property rights, and vows. He established the annual feasts: the Passover, the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Firstfruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement, and the Feast of Tabernacles. And He commanded the Israelites to observe them. God promised that if the people obeyed His statutes and commandments, He would bless them with prosperity and make them flourish.[25]

The Second Passover

In the second year, on the evening of the 14th day of the first month in the sacred calendar, the Israelites observed the Passover in the Desert of Sinai, just as God had commanded. However, those who had become ceremonially unclean by touching a corpse, or those who were away on a journey, were unable to observe the Passover on that day. In response, God instructed that such individuals should keep the Passover one month later, at twilight on the 14th day of the second month in the sacred calendar, following all its prescribed ordinances.[26] Six days after keeping the Passover, the twentieth day of the second month, the cloud lifted from above the tabernacle, and the Israelites set out from the Desert of Sinai, where they had stayed for about one year.

Exploration of Canaan

The Grapes of Canaan by James Tissot: The spies who scouted Canaan return, carrying grapes on a pole.

When the Israelites arrived at Kadesh Barnea, God instructed them to select one representative from each of the twelve tribes to explore the land of Canaan. After forty days of exploration, the twelve spies returned with samples of grapes, pomegranates, and figs. They reported that the land was truly beautiful, a land flowing with milk and honey.

However, ten of the spies gave a negative report, saying, “The people who live there are powerful and tall. We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them. We will never be able to defeat them.”[27] Hearing this, the Israelites were deeply discouraged. They raised their voices and cried aloud all night. They grumbled against Moses and Aaron and suggested appointing a new leader to take them back to Egypt.

As the people stirred with fear and uncertainty, Joshua and Caleb, who had also explored the land, tore their clothes in grief and boldly declared, “If the LORD is pleased with us, He will lead us into that land. The people of the land are like bread to us.”[28] But the people, overwhelmed by fear, refused to listen. Instead, they picked up stones to kill Joshua and Caleb.

At that moment, the glory of God appeared at the Tent of Meeting before all the Israelites. God, grieved by the people’s lack of faith and constant complaints, rebuked them. He declared that none of those 20 years old or older, except for Joshua and Caleb, would enter Canaan.[29][30] As a consequence of their unbelief, God sentenced the Israelites to wander in the desert for 40 years, one year for each of the 40 days the land had been explored.[31]

Year 3–40

Korah’s Rebellion

Korah of the tribe of Levi, along with Dathan, Abiram, and On from the tribe of Reuben, formed a faction and rose up against Moses and Aaron with 250 prominent leaders of the congregation. Korah, although himself a Levite, was resentful that the priesthood was given exclusively to Aaron’s descendants. However, their challenge was a rebellion against God, who had granted Moses and Aaron their authority.[32] In response, God caused the ground to open up and swallow Korah, Dathan, and Abiram alive. The 250 leaders who had joined the rebellion were consumed by fire that came from God.[33] The next day, the whole Israelite community grumbled against Moses and Aaron, saying, “You have killed God’s people.” In His anger, God sent a plague upon the people. As a result, 14,700 Israelites died from the outbreak.[34]

The Mistake of Moses and Aaron

While the Israelites were staying at Kadesh, they once again faced a lack of water and food. The people gathered against Moses and Aaron, complaining and questioning why they had been brought into the desert to die.[35] God instructed Moses and Aaron to bring water from a rock by striking it with the staff. However, Moses and Aaron assembled the people and said, “Listen, you rebels! Must we bring you water out of this rock?”[36] They made the mistake of saying that they were giving the water without glorifying God. Because of this mistake, God declared that Moses and Aaron would not be permitted to enter the land of Canaan.[37] The place was named Meribah (מְרִיבָה),[38] meaning “quarreling,” because the Israelites had argued with God there.

Bronze Snake Incident

Moses and the Bronze Serpent by Francesco Campora

Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom, asking for permission to pass through Edomite territory on the way to Mount Hor, near the border of Edom. However, the king of Edom refused Moses’ request. As a result, the Israelites had to go around Edom and take the long route toward the Red Sea. Along the way, they became discouraged and complained against God.[39] In response, God sent venomous snakes among the people, and many were bitten and died. The people came to Moses, admitted their sin, and begged him to pray to God to take the snakes away. Moses prayed, and God showed him a way for the people to be saved. God told Moses to make a bronze snake and put it on a pole. Anyone who was bitten could look at the bronze snake and live.[40]

After the bronze snake incident, Moses sent messengers to Sihon, king of the Amorites, to ask for passage through his land. Sihon refused and came out with his army to attack Israel. Israel fought back and defeated them, taking possession of the land of the Amorites. They also conquered the land of King Og of Bashan, taking control of the territory east of the Jordan River. These lands later became the inheritance of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Sexual Immorality and Idolatry With Moabite Women

After Israel conquered the Amorites and Bashan, Balak, king of Moab, became very afraid of them. So he called Balaam, the son of Beor, and gave him gifts, asking him to curse the people of Israel. Instead of cursing them, Balaam told Balak how to make the Israelites sin.[41][42] Following Balaam’s advice, Balak sent Moabite women to the Israelites staying at Shittim, leading them into sexual immorality. He also invited the Israelites to sacrifice to the god Baal of Peor and worship idols together. God was enraged at the people who committed sexual immorality and idolatry, and sent a plague upon them, and many people died as a result. At that time, Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron the priest, killed Zimri, the leader of the Simeonites, and the Midianite woman who had committed sexual immorality with him, and the plague that killed 24,000 people stopped. God praised Phinehas for his actions and promised that he and his descendants would have the priesthood forever.[43]

The Death of Moses

In the fortieth year after the exodus from Egypt, on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses and the people of Israel arrived at the plains of Moab, east of the Jordan River. Because Moses failed to uphold God’s holiness at Kadesh, he was not permitted to enter the Promised Land.[37][44] At that location, Moses delivered his final address to the people[45] and formally appointed Joshua as his successor in the presence of all Israel. He charged Joshua to lead the people into the land that God had sworn to give them and to take possession of it. After bestowing a final blessing upon the tribes of Israel, Moses ascended Mount Nebo, viewed the land of promise, and died there. Although he was 120 years old at the time of his death, his eyesight remained undimmed and his vigor unabated.[46] Moses was the only prophet whom God knew face to face, and no prophet like him ever arose again in Israel.[47] The Israelites mourned the death of Moses for thirty days.

Entrance Into Canaan

Crossing the Jordan River

Joshua Passing the Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West, 1800

To enter the land of Canaan, Joshua and the Israelites had to cross the Jordan River. At the time they approached the river, it was the harvest season, and the river was overflowing its banks. God told Joshua that when the feet of the priests carrying the ark of the covenant touched the water, the flowing river would stop and stand in a heap.[48] The Israelites obeyed God without hesitation and did exactly as He commanded. The water stopped flowing and piled up, and the people crossed on dry ground.[49] After all the people had crossed, and the priests carrying the ark came up from the river, the waters returned to their place and overflowed the banks again, just as before. On the tenth day of the first month, the Israelites camped at Gilgal, east of Jericho, and set up twelve stones there, which they had taken from the Jordan River.[50]

The Third Passover

After crossing the Jordan River, God commanded Joshua to circumcise the people of Israel. This was because all the men who had received circumcision when they came out of Egypt had died in the desert, and none of those born during the journey had been circumcised.[51] Joshua obeyed God’s command and circumcised all the people.[52] On the evening of the 14th day of that month, the Israelites celebrated the Passover on the plains of Jericho in nearly 40 years. The day after the Passover, they ate grain from the land of Canaan, and from that day on, the manna stopped. From then forward, the Israelites ate the produce of the land of Canaan.[53]

Desert Journey Overview

Year Location Event Scripture
Year 1 Desert of Shur Traveled for three days after crossing the Red Sea Ex 15:22
Marah Bitter water made sweet by God Ex 15:23–25
Elim Camped near 12 springs and 70 palm trees Ex 15:27
Desert of Sin God provided manna after the people grumbled for food (15th day of the second month). Ex 16:1–36
Meribah (Massah) Water from the rock after people complained Ex 17:1–7
Rephidim Victory over Amalek Ex 17:8–16
Desert of Sinai Moses delivered God’s words received at Mount Sinai to the people (1st day of the third month). Ex 19:1–15
God descended on Mount Sinai and proclaimed the Ten Commandments in a loud voice. Ex 19:16–24:11
Moses spent 40 days on the mountain receiving the two stone tablets which has the Ten Commandments. Ex 24:12–31:18; Dt 9:9–10
People made and worshiped a golden calf. Ex 32:1–6
Moses who witnessed idolatry broke the tablets; about 3,000 idolaters were killed. Ex 32:1–29; Dt 9:11–17
Moses and the people sought God’s forgiveness. Ex 32:30–33:23
With God’s forgiveness, Moses went up to Mount Sinai to receive the second set of the Ten Commandments. Ex 34:1–28; Dt 10:1–5
Moses’ coming down with the second set of the Ten Commandments Ex 34:29–35
Willing people brought offerings for the tabernacle. Ex 35:20–36:7
Construction of tabernacle, furnishings, and priestly garments Ex 36:8–39:43
Year 2 Desert of Sinai The ark of the covenant and its utensils were placed in the completed tabernacle and presented to God (1st day of the first month). Ex 40:1–38
Aaron and his sons were consecrated through a seven-day ordination ceremony, after which Aaron offered a sin offering and a burnt offering, performing his first priestly duties. Lev 8:1–9:24
Nadab and Abihu died for offering unauthorized fire. Lev 10:1–27:34
The second Passover was celebrated after the Exodus (14th day of the first month). Nu 9:1–5
First census and camp arrangement (1st day of the second month) Nu 1:1–2:34
The Second Passover for those who missed the first (14th day of the second month) Nu 9:6–14
Departed Sinai after about one year (20th day of the second month). Nu 10:11–32
Taberah The people complained wickedly, and God sent fire that consumed the outskirts of the camp. Nu 11:1–3
Kibroth Hattaavah The people grumbled for meat and were struck down for their greed Nu 11:4–35
Hazeroth Miriam criticized Moses and was struck with leprosy. Nu 12:1–16
Kadesh-barnea Ten spies gave a bad report of Canaan, leading to 40 years of wandering Nu 13:1–14:38; Dt 1:19–40
Those who disobeyed God’s command and went up to fight were defeated. Nu 14:39–45; Dt 1:41–46
Year 3–40 Desert of Paran A man was executed for gathering wood on the Sabbath Nu 15:32–36
250 men joined Korah’s rebellion; 14,700 died for complaining against God. Nu 16:1–50
Aaron’s staff budded, confirming God’s choice of him as priest. Nu 17:1–13
Kadesh-barnea Miriam died and was buried Nu 20:1
Moses and Aaron failed to honor God’s holiness and sinned by displaying their own glory. Nu 20:2–13
King of Edom refused Israel passage through his land. Nu 20:14–21
Mount Hor Aaron died; Eleazar became high priest (1st day of the fifth month). Nu 20:22–29
Hormah King of Arad attacked Israel but was defeated. Nu 21:1–3
Region of Edom The people complained; God sent venomous snakes; they were healed by looking at a bronze snake Nu 21:4–9
Jahaz Israel conquered King Sihon of the Amorites. Nu 21:21–32; Dt 2:26
Edrei Israel defeated King Og of Bashan. Nu 21:33–35; Dt 3:1–12
Desert of the Arabah Moses explained to the Israelites the laws he had received from God (1st day of the eleventh month). Dt 1:1–28:68
Plains of Moab (Shittim) King Balak of Moab summoned Balaam, a Midianite diviner, to curse Israel, but Balaam blessed them instead. Nu 22:1–24:25
24,000 Israelites died due to sin with Moabite women. Nu 25:1–18
Second census conducted by God’s command Nu 26:1–27:11
Joshua appointed as Moses’ successor Nu 27:12–23; Dt 31:1–8
Israel avenged their sin by defeating Midian. Nu 31:1–54
The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh received the territories of the Amorites and Bashan as their inheritance. Nu 32:1–42; Dt 3:12–22
Moses delivered his final address. Dt 29:1–33:29
Mount Nebo Moses viewed the Promised Land and died. Dt 34:1–12
Year 41 Shittim Joshua sent two spies to Jericho. Jos 2:1–24
Jordan River Israel crossed the overflowing Jordan (10th day of the first month). Jos 3:1–4:24
Gilgal Men born in the desert were circumcised. Jos 5:2–9
The Israelites observed the Passover again in about 40 years since the second year after the Exodus (14th day of the first month). Jos 5:10
Israel ate the produce of the land when they entered Canaan (15th day of the first month). Jos 5:11–12

Desert Journey Route

Many of the locations mentioned in the Bible during the desert period are uncertain in their modern geographical identification. The map below presents a general reconstruction of Israel’s route through the desert. 

H.H. Hardesty (Firm). Historical Hand Atlas, Illustrated, General & Local. H.H. Hardesty & Co., 1881. Map title: Desert Route After the Exodus (Estimated)
H.H. Hardesty (Firm). Historical Hand Atlas, Illustrated, General & Local. H.H. Hardesty & Co., 1881. Map title: Desert Route After the Exodus (Estimated)

Censuses in the Desert

During their time in the desert, the Israelites conducted two censuses by God’s command. The first census took place in the Desert of Sinai on the first day of the second month of the second year after the Exodus. They counted all the men in Israel twenty years old or more who are able to serve in the army, and the total was 603,550.[54] At that time, the tribe of Levi was excluded from the count because, by God’s command, they were assigned to the service of the tabernacle.[55]

Before entering Canaan, God commanded a second census on the plains of Moab, east of the Jordan River. After approximately 40 years, a second census was taken—again excluding the Levites—counting all men aged twenty and above. The total was 601,730, showing little difference from the first census.[56] All those counted in the first census at the Desert of Sinai, as God had spoken, died in the desert. Only Caleb, Joshua, and Moses—who had faithfully obeyed God—remained. God commanded that the land of Canaan be divided among the tribes according to the results of this census.

When Jacob and his household went down to Egypt, their number was only seventy. But by God’s promise to make them into a great nation, the number of men twenty years and older had reached 600,000 by the time of the Exodus.[54] However, after 40 years in the desert, the number remained unchanged at 600,000 just before entering the Promised Land.[56] The growth of the Israelites, which had flourished under God’s blessing, came to a halt in the desert as many fell into temptation and perished.

Lessons From the Desert

A Place of Testing and Refinement

The desert is a place where survival is nearly impossible by human strength alone. It was the same when the Israelites faced the desert. At times, they had no food or water, and often had to take long, indirect routes when shorter paths were available. Yet, they were able to survive in the desert for 40 years, solely by the care and provision of God. Through the desert journey, God tested and refined the Israelites, ultimately desiring to bless them.[57] He sent manna from heaven to feed them, brought water from the rock,[58] and ensured that their clothes did not wear out and their feet did not swell.[59] Throughout the entire journey, God watched over the Israelites as the apple of His eye and remained with them.[60]

Disobedience and Destruction

At the time of the Exodus, the Israelites were filled with faith that they would enter the land of Canaan, which God had prepared for them, and enjoy His blessings. However, as the desert journey grew longer and more monotonous, their initial steadfast faith gradually faded. Whenever they encountered even minor difficulties, rather than trusting in God, they would complain and say things like, “It seems God has forgotten us,” or “Where is God?” Those who gave in to testing forgot God, grumbled against Him,[61] and fell into sexual immorality and idolatry, leading to their destruction in the desert. This history is not merely a past account but was recorded as a warning and example for believers in the New Testament times.


Nevertheless, God was not pleased with most of them; their bodies were scattered over the desert. Now these things occurred as examples to keep us from setting our hearts on evil things as they did. These things happened to them as examples and were written down as warnings for us, on whom the fulfillment of the ages has come. So, if you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don’t fall!

1 Corinthians 10:5–12

Obedience and Canaan

Unlike the majority of the people, Joshua and Caleb held firm faith in God’s promises and entered the Promised Land of Canaan after the desert journey. They never forgot that the God of love was the one who helped, protected, and guided them. As a result, they did not fall during the time of testing and refinement, and they received God’s blessing. In the same way, the spiritual Canaan, heaven, prepared for God’s people in the New Testament era is reserved only for those who walk in obedience to God’s word and remain in fellowship with Him.[62][63]


For if Joshua had given them rest, God would not have spoken later about another day. There remains, then, a Sabbath-rest for the people of God; for anyone who enters God’s rest also rests from his own work, just as God did from his. Let us, therefore, make every effort to enter that rest, so that no one will fall by following their example of disobedience.

Hebrews 4:8–11

Related videos

  • Sermon: Way to Heaven & Way in the Desert (II)

  • Sermon: Heavenly Way That We Go by Faith

References

  1. ↑ "Exodus 12:37".
  2. ↑ Exodus 12:37, Bible Hub
  3. ↑ Isaiah 36:6
  4. ↑ Exodus 1:8–14.
  5. ↑ Exodus 3:2–10.
  6. ↑ "Exodus 16:35".
  7. ↑ "Joshua 5:12".
  8. ↑ "Exodus 17:8–10".
  9. ↑ "Exodus 17:10–11".
  10. ↑ "Exodus 17:11–13".
  11. ↑ "Deuteronomy 5:22".
  12. ↑ "Exodus 20:18–19".
  13. ↑ "Exodus 24:18".
  14. ↑ "Exodus 25:8–9".
  15. ↑ "Hebrews 8:5".
  16. ↑ "Deuteronomy 9:9".
  17. ↑ "Exodus 32:1".
  18. ↑ "Exodus 32:18–19".
  19. ↑ "Exodus 32:28".
  20. ↑ "Exodus 32:30–32".
  21. ↑ "Exodus 34:1".
  22. ↑ "Exodus 35:21–29".
  23. ↑ "Exodus 36:3–7".
  24. ↑ "Numbers 9:17–19".
  25. ↑ "Leviticus 26:3–12".
  26. ↑ Numbers 9:10–11
  27. ↑ "Numbers 13:31–33".
  28. ↑ "Numbers 14:8–9".
  29. ↑ "Numbers 14:24".
  30. ↑ "Numbers 14:29–30".
  31. ↑ "Numbers 14:32–34".
  32. ↑ "Numbers 16:8–11".
  33. ↑ "Numbers 16:32–35".
  34. ↑ "Numbers 16:49".
  35. ↑ "Numbers 20:2–5".
  36. ↑ "Numbers 20:10–11".
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Numbers 20:12".
  38. ↑ Strong's Hebrew: 4809. מְרִיבָה, Bible Hub
  39. ↑ "Numbers 21:4–5".
  40. ↑ Numbers 21:6–9
  41. ↑ "Numbers 31:16".
  42. ↑ "Revelation 2:14".
  43. ↑ "Numbers 25:10–13".
  44. ↑ "Deuteronomy 32:50–52".
  45. ↑ "Deuteronomy 1:5".
  46. ↑ "Deuteronomy 34:7".
  47. ↑ "Deuteronomy 34:10".
  48. ↑ "Joshua 3:13".
  49. ↑ "Joshua 3:15–17".
  50. ↑ "Joshua 4:19–20".
  51. ↑ "Joshua 5:2–5".
  52. ↑ "Joshua 5:3".
  53. ↑ "Joshua 5:10".
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Numbers 1:45–46".
  55. ↑ "Numbers 1:49–50".
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Numbers 26:51".
  57. ↑ "Deuteronomy 8:2, 16".
  58. ↑ "Deuteronomy 8:15–16".
  59. ↑ "Deuteronomy 8:4".
  60. ↑ "Deuteronomy 32:10".
  61. ↑ Psalms 78:40-42
  62. ↑ "Hebrews 3:17–19".
  63. ↑ "Revelation 14:4–5".
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