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[[File:Musei_Vaticani_-_Mithra_-_Sol_invictus_01136.JPG |thumb|Vatican Museums in Rome, Italy: Mithra portrayed as ''Sol Invictus'' in ancient Rome]] | [[File:Musei_Vaticani_-_Mithra_-_Sol_invictus_01136.JPG |thumb|Vatican Museums in Rome, Italy: Mithra portrayed as ''Sol Invictus'' in ancient Rome]] | ||
It was in the fourth century that December 25 was appointed as the birthday of Jesus Christ. In the time of Liberius, the bishop of Rome (present-day pope), the church in Rome celebrated Christmas on December 25, 354, as a festival in the [[church]]. The Philocalian Calendar (Chronography of 354) supports this fact. It is also said that December 25 began to be celebrated as Christmas in 336, and it became an official festival of the church in 354.<ref name="크리스마스의 기원">[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/christ-is-born Christ is born?], THIS DAY IN HISTORY, DECEMBER 25, HISTORY.com</ref> According to church history, three festivals were held in December in ancient Rome: Saturnalia, Sigillaria, and Brumalia.<ref name=":1">[https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Saturnalia Saturnalia], The Free Dictionary</ref> | It was in the fourth century that December 25 was appointed as the birthday of Jesus Christ. In the time of Liberius, the bishop of Rome (present-day pope), the church in Rome celebrated Christmas on December 25, 354, as a festival in the [[church]]. The Philocalian Calendar (Chronography of 354) supports this fact. It is also said that December 25 began to be celebrated as Christmas in 336, and it became an official festival of the church in 354.<ref name="크리스마스의 기원">[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/christ-is-born Christ is born?], THIS DAY IN HISTORY, DECEMBER 25, ''HISTORY.com''</ref> According to church history, three festivals were held in December in ancient Rome: Saturnalia, Sigillaria, and Brumalia.<ref name=":1">[https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Saturnalia Saturnalia], ''The Free Dictionary''</ref> | ||
*Saturnalia refers to a festival where sacrifices were offered to Saturn (or Saturnus in Latin), the god of agriculture, which was worshiped in ancient Rome. It lasted from the beginning of December to the end of the month. During this festival, all the people indulged in pleasure, regardless of wealth or social position, as slaves pretended to be their owners. People brought an evergreen tree into their homes for decorations and exchanged gifts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/saturnalia Saturnalia], HISTORY.COM, September 13, 2022</ref> | *Saturnalia refers to a festival where sacrifices were offered to Saturn (or Saturnus in Latin), the god of agriculture, which was worshiped in ancient Rome. It lasted from the beginning of December to the end of the month. During this festival, all the people indulged in pleasure, regardless of wealth or social position, as slaves pretended to be their owners. People brought an evergreen tree into their homes for decorations and exchanged gifts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/saturnalia Saturnalia], HISTORY.COM, September 13, 2022</ref> | ||
*Sigillaria was a festival held in late December. People exchanged small statues of gods and distributed dolls to children.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://historycollection.com/16-pagan-christmas-traditions-that-people-mistakenly-credit-to-christianity/12/ 16 Pagan Christmas Traditions that People Mistakenly Credit to Christianity], HISTORY COLLECTION, December 16, 2018</ref> | *Sigillaria was a festival held in late December. People exchanged small statues of gods and distributed dolls to children.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://historycollection.com/16-pagan-christmas-traditions-that-people-mistakenly-credit-to-christianity/12/ 16 Pagan Christmas Traditions that People Mistakenly Credit to Christianity], ''HISTORY COLLECTION'', December 16, 2018</ref> | ||
[[File:ChristAsSol.jpg|thumb|Christ is portrayed as the sun god in the 3rd century Roman ceiling mosaic.]] | [[File:ChristAsSol.jpg|thumb|Christ is portrayed as the sun god in the 3rd century Roman ceiling mosaic.]] | ||
*Brumalia was a winter solstice festival that celebrated the rising of the sun. They held the festival with the belief that the power of the sun increases as the days get longer again from the winter solstice when the length of a day is the shortest.<ref name=":1" /><br> | *Brumalia was a winter solstice festival that celebrated the rising of the sun. They held the festival with the belief that the power of the sun increases as the days get longer again from the winter solstice when the length of a day is the shortest.<ref name=":1" /><br> | ||