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===Execution Tools=== | ===Execution Tools=== | ||
The cross is a frame used to crucify and execute criminals in the ancient West from around the 6th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. | The cross is a frame used to crucify and execute criminals in the ancient West from around the 6th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D.<ref>{{인용 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/crucifixion/ |title= Crucifixion|website=WORLD HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA |publisher= |date= |year= |author= |series= |isbn= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/smiths-bible-dictionary/cross.html |title=Cross |website=Bible Study Tools |publisher= |date= |year= |author= |page= |series= |isbn= |quote= }}</ref> | ||
It is presumed that the people who first invented the crucifixion were Phoenicians of Carthage or Persians, and it influenced on ancient Babylon (Babylonia), Egypt, and Assyria. Alexander the Great learned about crucifixion in Persia and spread it to Greece, and after the Romans won the Second Punic War, they learned from the Phoenicians of Carthage and used it in the Roman Empire. Later, in the Roman Empire, crucifixion was used as the most brutal and harsh death penalty method for criminals. Crucifixion was executed by crucifixion or tying up condemned prisoners, and Rome was mainly used to punish heinous criminals, traitors, and slaves. Crucifixion was one of the most cruel and shameful punishments. The Criminal Code compiled by Roman lawyer Julius Paulus lists three types of punishment as the most brutal form of punishment in the Roman era, the first of which is crucifixion. The Roman statesman Cicero described crucifixion as “he most cruel and disgusting penalty,” and the Jewish historian Josephus described it as “the most wretched of deaths.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750495/ |title=The history and pathology of crucifixion |quote= |website=National Library of MedicinePub Med|date=December 2003}}</ref> | |||
It is presumed that the people who first invented the crucifixion were Phoenicians of Carthage or Persians, and it influenced on ancient Babylon (Babylonia), Egypt, and Assyria. Alexander the Great learned about crucifixion in Persia and spread it to Greece, and after the Romans won the Second Punic War, they learned from the Phoenicians of Carthage and used it in the Roman Empire. Later, in the Roman Empire, crucifixion was used as the most brutal and harsh death penalty method for criminals. Crucifixion was executed by crucifixion or tying up condemned prisoners, and Rome was mainly used to punish heinous criminals, traitors, and slaves. Crucifixion was one of the most cruel and shameful punishments. The Criminal Code compiled by Roman lawyer Julius Paulus lists three types of punishment as the most brutal form of punishment in the Roman era, the first of which is crucifixion. The Roman statesman Cicero described crucifixion as “he most cruel and disgusting penalty,” and the Jewish historian Josephus described it as “the most wretched of deaths.” | |||
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14750495/ |title=The history and pathology of crucifixion |quote= |website=National Library of MedicinePub Med|date=December 2003}}</ref> | |||
There were various methods of performing the execution. Usually, the condemned man, after being whipped, dragged the crossbeam of his cross to the place of punishment, where the upright shaft was already fixed in the ground. He was bound fast with outstretched arms to the crossbeam or nailed firmly to it through the wrists. The crossbeam was then raised high against the upright shaft and made fast to it about 9 to 12 feet (approximately 3 meters) from the ground. Next, the feet were tightly bound or nailed to the upright shaft. | There were various methods of performing the execution. Usually, the condemned man, after being whipped, dragged the crossbeam of his cross to the place of punishment, where the upright shaft was already fixed in the ground. He was bound fast with outstretched arms to the crossbeam or nailed firmly to it through the wrists. The crossbeam was then raised high against the upright shaft and made fast to it about 9 to 12 feet (approximately 3 meters) from the ground. Next, the feet were tightly bound or nailed to the upright shaft. | ||
According to scholars, crucifixion causes physical excruciating and fatal pain. If they are crucified and hung vertically, their muscles become impacted, their diaphragm cannot function properly, and it can lead to blood circulation disorders, organ failure, asphyxiation, and shock, and eventually to death. | According to scholars, crucifixion causes physical excruciating and fatal pain. If they are crucified and hung vertically, their muscles become impacted, their diaphragm cannot function properly, and it can lead to blood circulation disorders, organ failure, asphyxiation, and shock, and eventually to death.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/crucifixion-capital-punishment |title= Crucifixion |website=Britannica |publisher= |date= |year= |author= |page= |series= |isbn= |quote= }}</ref><ref>The Medical Evidence, ''PART 3 Researching the Resurrection, THE CAUSE OF DEATH, The Case for Christ Zondervan Publishing House'', 1998, Lee Strobel, 181–182</ref> | ||
<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/crucifixion-capital-punishment |title= Crucifixion |website=Britannica |publisher= |date= |year= |author= |page= |series= |isbn= |quote= }}</ref> | |||
<ref>The Medical Evidence, ''PART 3 Researching the Resurrection, THE CAUSE OF DEATH, The Case for Christ Zondervan Publishing House'', 1998, Lee Strobel, 181–182</ref> | |||
==Types of Crosses== | ==Types of Crosses== | ||